Edd Mann Developer

Understanding Python WSGI with Examples

Coming from a strong PHP background, initially, exploring the web development landscape whilst delving into Python seemed rather confusing. As Python was not originally developed for the web, a specification called PEP 333 was accepted, which standardised the required interface between web servers and Python web frameworks/applications. Despite the additional complexity, the manner in which middleware applications can be integrated, along with the server choices, offers possibilities that I find hard to locate a comparable alternative for in PHP.

Basic Example

Simply put, a WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface) compliant application must supply a callable (function or class) which accepts an ’environ’ dictionary and a start_response function. For a familiar PHP comparison, you can think of the ’environ’ dictionary as a combination of $_SERVER, $_GET and $_POST, albeit with extra processing required. This callable is expected to invoke the start_response function with the desired response code and header data, and then return an iterable of bytes containing the response body.

def app(environ, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    return [b'Hello, world!']

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
        httpd = make_server('', 8080, app)
        print('Serving on port 8080...')
        httpd.serve_forever()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print('Goodbye.')

Using the single-threaded WSGI reference implementation provided with Python is a great choice for experimenting with these lower-level concepts. You will notice that as the example is written for Python 3, we must return an iterable (in this case a list) with declared ‘byte’ content inside.

Post Example

Now that we are familiar with the basic structure of a WSGI compliant application, we can experiment with a more practical example. Below, we provide the client with a simple form which posts a supplied ’name’ for the application to greet accordingly.

import cgi

form = b'''
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Hello User!</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <form method="post">
            <label>Hello</label>
            <input type="text" name="name">
            <input type="submit" value="Go">
        </form>
    </body>
</html>
'''

def app(environ, start_response):
    html = form

    if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST':
        post_env = environ.copy()
        post_env['QUERY_STRING'] = ''
        post = cgi.FieldStorage(
            fp=environ['wsgi.input'],
            environ=post_env,
            keep_blank_values=True
        )
        html = b'Hello, ' + post['name'].value + '!'

    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    return [html]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
        httpd = make_server('', 8080, app)
        print('Serving on port 8080...')
        httpd.serve_forever()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print('Goodbye.')

Although somewhat verbose, we have been able to create a simple web application which handles supplied POST data using the CGI module’s FieldStorage class. These are the very simplified building blocks used in popular frameworks such as Flask and Django.